|
Caral–Supe
|
c. 3500 BCE – c. 1800 BCE
|
Caral–Supe was a complex pre-Columbian era society that included as many as thirty major population centers in what is now the Caral region of north-central coastal Peru. The civilization flourished between the 4th and 2nd millennia BCE, with the formation of the first city generally dated to around 3500 BCE, at Huaricanga, in the Fortaleza area. From 3100 BCE onward, large-scale human settlement and communal construction become clearly apparent. This lasted until a period of decline around 1800 BCE. Since the early 21st century, it has been recognized as the oldest-known civilization in America, and as one of the six sites where civilization separately originated in the ancient world.
-- From Wikipedia 2026-04-28
-- From Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization) 2026-05-20
|
|
|
Indus Valley Civilisation
|
3000 BC to 1800 BC
|
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia. Of the three, it was the most widespread: it spanned much of Pakistan; northwestern India; and northeast Afghanistan. The civilisation flourished both in the alluvial plain of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the Ghaggar-Hakra, a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
-- From Wikipedia 2026-04-28
-- From Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation) 2026-05-20
|
|
|
Shang dynasty
|
c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC
|
The Shang dynasty, also known as the Yin dynasty, was a Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley during the 2nd millennium BC, traditionally succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Western Zhou dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the Book of Documents, Bamboo Annals and Shiji. Modern scholarship dates the dynasty between the 16th and 11th centuries BC, with more agreement surrounding the end date than beginning date.
-- From Wikipedia 2026-04-28
-- From Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty) 2026-05-20
|
|
|
Roman Republic
|
509 BC to 27 BC
|
The Roman Republic was the era of classical Roman civilisation beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium. During this period, Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.
-- From Wikipedia 2026-04-28
-- From Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic) 2026-05-20
|
|
|
Parthian Empire
|
247 BC–224 AD
|
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. Its latter name comes from its founder, Arsaces I, who led the Parni tribe in conquering the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, who was rebelling against the Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han dynasty of China, became a center of trade and commerce.
-- From Wikipedia 2026-04-28
-- From Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire) 2026-05-20
|
|
|
Roman Empire
|
27 BC to 1453
|
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The term 'Byzantine Empire' was coined only after its demise; its citizens used the term 'Roman Empire' and called themselves 'Romans'.
-- From Wikipedia 2026-04-28
-- From Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire) 2026-05-20
|
|
|
Sasanian Empire
|
224 AD to 651 AD
|
The Sasanian Empire, officially Eranshahr, was an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651 AD. Lasting for over four centuries, the length of the Sasanian dynasty's reign over ancient Iran was second only to that of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia which immediately preceded it.
-- From Wikipedia 2026-04-28
-- From Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) 2026-05-20
|
|
|
Classical Japan
|
538 CE to 1185 CE
|
The "Classical" era of Japanese history spans from the [Asuka Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period) in 538 CE with the introduction of the Buddhist religion from the Korean kingdom of Baekje, through the [Nara period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period) (710–794) and into the [Heian period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period) (794–1185).
-- From Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan) 2026-05-20
|
|
